Ryanair’s Management and Creativity

1. In the book â€Å"Management and Creativity† (Bilton, 2007), Wilson and Cummings define strategy as two distinctive approaches; strategy as position and strategy as process. The former, also referred to as strategy as orientation, takes a more top-down approach and is concentrated around a single leader. It attempts to establish a strategic position that will serve as a basis for differentiation, which is commonly seen as original and innovative. However, a successful implementation of the strategy often requires high monitoring and a hierarchal structure. Thus, the process itself is quite uncreative and there is little room for changes and innovation after the strategy has been established. The leader plays an important role in this strategic approach by setting vision and directing employees, and he or she is often strongly associated with the organization. Ryanair’s CEO Michael O’Leary is a great example of a leader within an orientation strategy organization. The other approach outlined by Wilson and Cummings is strategy as animation. This adhocracy style is commonly adapted by creative organizations and the strategy is more of an evolving process than a fixed strategic position. It is built upon small, continuous changes that emerge incrementally within the organization. In difference from orientation, adhocracy takes a bottom-up approach and the strategy is developed through a collective activity. The leaders role is not to govern and direct, but to set frames, and recognize and build upon meaningful patterns. Shared goals and values hold the company together and serve as the glue in the organization. The animation film studio Pixar serves as a great example of the adhocracy approach. Their process-oriented strategy and bottom-up approach has helped to nurture creativity and build a culture where everyone’s ideas matters and all employees are urged to speak their minds. Thus, creativity is seen as something that evolves through systems and networks, and not something that is isolated to a single leader. Posthocracy is a type of non-strategy. The style is often adapted by organizations that are subject to a lot of uncertainty and changes in their environment. The unpredictability of the future makes it difficult for the organizations to establish a strategy beforehand and decisions are often rationalized after they have been made. This approach is based on ego, emotions and personality. 1. 1 It can be argued that Michael O’Leary follows a strategy as orientation approach. The low-cost strategy has come to define Ryanair and is deeply enrooted in the company. The attempt to reduce prices at all costs set the strategic direction. As in most orientation strategies, the company takes a top-down approach and the creativity is concentrated to the leader; the CEO Michael O’Leary. His controversial ideas are often seen as both new and revolutionary and he continuously finds the most radical ways to reduce prices. Still, the organization itself is highly monitored and controlled as to successfully keep costs down in every part of the value chain. Furthermore, as commonly seen in these types of strategy tendencies, Michael O’Leary is strongly associated with the company. As described in the article, â€Å"O’Leary chose to embody the role of a cheap, no-nonsense, slightly unpleasant Everyman, which he would exploit to sell a cheap, slightly unpleasant flying experience to the Everyman. Arguably, M. O’Leary is Ryanair. 2. According to current popular theories creativity is concerned with novelty and individualism. For an idea to be considered novel, it should provide something new or a new combination of elements. The individualism concerns the originator of the idea who is seen as a â€Å"brain† who needs space and loose control to be able to flourish. The psychological theory modifies this idea by taking away the component of individualism and adding the idea of value and meaning. For an idea to be creative, the innovation also needs to be valuable and give meaning. Merely innovation is not enough. Both the concept of innovation and the one of value is context dependent; to whom is the idea novel and to whom will it give meaning and value? According to Margaret Boden, novelty can be defined as new to the individual, H-creativity, or new to the world, P-creativity. A novel idea should be able to fit into one of these two. For an idea to give value and meaning it has to be â€Å"fit for purpose† and there will be different criterions for different situations. In a business context, a creative idea could be valuable if it improves the return on investment or if it fits with the times. In another context, a panel of experts might decide if the innovation is valuable or not. An idea might also be defined as valuable if it has a specific intention. 2. 1 Ryanair has a low-cost strategy with the vision to be â€Å"quick, efficient, affordable and safe†. Michael O'Leary is a visionary leader with â€Å"nutty† ideas that are considered radical by the rest of the airline industry. O'Leary says that in the airline business, organizations need to have a radical point of view otherwise everything will stay the same. However, new ideas should be in line with the low cost strategy of the company. Could the Ryanair idea of removing the pockets on the back of the seats be considered creative? It decreased Ryanair’s cleaning time and thereby also the turn-around time at the airport and increased the punctuality. The idea was a new combination of elements and was new to the airline industry. It could therefore be argued to be novel. The idea was valuable for customers as it fulfilled the criterion of fitness to times: customers are more time-sensitive today and therefore values on-time flights. O'Leary argued that it is also valuable for the customers as they are price-sensitive, they do not want to have a pleasant experience; they just want to be transported from A to B. For Ryanair, the idea is valuable as it decreases costs and improves the company's return on investment. At Ryanair, the organizational style of change is incremental: the company is continuously improving and developing itself. One distinguishing feature of this style is that change is happening even though the company is not in a maturity state or crisis of their life cycle. This is apparent as the company has presented net profits in 9 out of 10 recent years. The changes at Ryanair might look as radical to the rest of the airline industry, but it is in line with today's price-sensitive society. O'Leary is boundary tweaking; he is not thinking entirely outside the box but merely â€Å"modifying the edges of the core business†. It can be questioned if Ryanair sometimes make change just for change's sake. There is an impression that O'Leary might implement changes (or propose them) just to provoke the industry. And is cheaper always more valuable? Do customer's still value cheap tickets if they have to stand up or pay for the toilet?

Cholera Epidemic

Cholera Epidemic Epidemics have played an important role in modern European history. In particular, epidemic diseases have been a frequently repeated feature of human history up to the present day. A classic example of such a disease in Europe during the 1800s is cholera. This disease caused profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration, collapse, and often death. As cholera travelled throughout towns and cities, it took advantage of overcrowded housing conditions, poor hygiene and insanitary water- supplies.Studies suggested that these conditions might almost have been designed for it. Furthermore, cholera affected the poor more than the well-off and the rich due to lack of sanitary attention. This led to the Judgement of the poor and how people blamed them for causing the disease of cholera. However, when it spread to the middle classes, they needed to address a different cause for cholera. Cholera spread in a series of a waves or pandemics. The disease made isolated appearances in Europe a nd was regarded as the classic epidemic disease of the nineteenth century.Still, three major questions are to be addressed about cholera. First, was the psychological and social impact of cholera powerful enough to enable he absolute numbers of people affected and was its impact minor compared to tuberculosis? Second, did cholera epidemics play a part in the major political disruptions of the nineteenth century? Thirdly, did people blame the state for outbreaks of cholera, and did this lead to any changes in state policy from country to country?In terms of its spread, the cholera bacillus enters the body through the mouth and the digestive system. The subsequent symptoms include massive vomiting and diarrhea. Cholera was shocking to the nineteenth century; it was considered a disease that came from the â€Å"uncivilized† east. To address the first question, cholera seemed to affect healthy adults Just as much as, or even more than, it affected they young and old, the sickly a nd the weak.Cholera affected the poor more than the rich, â€Å"and the widespread middle class view that the poor only had themselves to blame was hardly calculated to mollify the apprehensions of the poor. â€Å"l In addition, the â€Å"undeserving† poor were the most affected because the poor did not have access to clean water and sanitization while the well-off or the rich did. In turn, the poor could easily interpret the immunity of the bourgeoisie as evidence of unfairness on the art of the rich to reduce the burden of poverty by killing off the main victims.Clear evidence of the social distribution of the disease is difficult to say, but the â€Å"distribution of cholera obviously to some extent reflected whether or not a local water-supply nad been contaminated†¦ proximity to intected water was i tselt at least in part socially determined†¦ â€Å"2 It was sad to see that the poor were blamed for the cause of the disease because it is unfair to the poor s ince they cannot afford to have better sanitization. Statistics suggested that while it could and did affect the well-off nd the rich, its impact on the poor was disproportionately high in most epidemics like cholera.Because of their wealth, the rich could flee from outbreaks with ease and their occupations did not have to deal with contact with contaminated water and with their employment of servants. Moreover, their toilet facilities were maintained well. One could see the differential impact of cholera between the rich and the poor which worsened social tensions. The poor suffered because of overcrowding and poor sanitation, and because they could not employ servants to take necessary hygienic recautions. However, they are not the one to blame for the cause of the cholera epidemic.According to Sir Edwin Chadwick, â€Å"various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the laboring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population†¦ â€Å"3 However, there are solutions to the circumstances mentioned. The removal of drainage, proper cleansing, better ventilation, and alternative ways of ecreasing contamination can help people live a better sanitized life.The main cause, however, is the defective supplies of water. If clean water could be supplied throughout the cities and towns, epidemics like cholera would not have to happen wiping out at least half of the victims. Such a simple request can make the place a better one. Additionally, Chadwick mentioned how the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation are greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars. I think that it is unfortunate that so many people die from grimy living conditions; if only the imple requests were Just to be granted, then it would be a win-win situation.The expense of public drainage, of supplies of water laid on in houses, and improved cleansing would be a huge gain and it would ultimately decrease sickness. Chadwick makes a great point stating, â€Å"the removal of noxious physical circumstances, and the promotion of civic, household, and personal cleanliness, are necessary to the improvement of the moral condition of the population; for that sound morality and refinement in manners and health are not long found coexistent with filthy habits amongst any class of the community. Chadwick claims that these adverse conditions of the laboring class tends to produce adults who abandon all of life's decencies and indulge in habits of degradation and demoralization. This statement is somewhat agreeable because I do believe that horrible living conditions and shortened life spans would lead many to migrate. However, it does not mean that it is inevitable because people from this background can choose to live morally if they want. To address the second question, there i s little doubt that cholera epidemics tend to occur at moments ot crisis in European history.

The Slavery Of The United States - 1466 Words

When people think of America, they think of a Christian country. Going all the way back to the beginning of the history of North America, many colonists came for religious reasons, most notably the Pilgrims, who landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 seeking refuge from the persecution by the Church of England because of their separatist beliefs. They saw America as a place where they could settle and be free to worship God how they saw fit. This idea was prevalent in early American history, including in the amending of the Constitution of the United States of America. Freedoms of all kind, including religion, were so important to Americans at the time that they put them in the first amendment of the Bill of Rights: that â€Å"Congress†¦show more content†¦Prior to much of the debate about the constitutionality of prayer in public schools, the topic was not considered very controversial. In early American history, Protestant religions were not only dominant, but th eir influence and membership grew. This was thanks in part to the Great Awakenings that took place periodically, the First in the 1730s and 1740s, the Second in the 1800s to 1830s, and the Third from the 1850s to early 20th century. The effect of the Great Awakenings on the people can be seen by the fact that during the period from 1780 to 1860, Methodist, Catholic, Episcopal, Baptist, Lutheran, and Congregational churches all saw an increase in the number of local churches, especially after 1800. The number of members in the churches grew as well; the Methodist church saw their membership grow by a factor of almost 30 over a 70 year period during which the population only grew by a factor of 8. Throughout the late 1700s, the 1800s, and even most of the 1900s, it was common for schools to begin the day with a prayer or Bible reading. In Edgerton, Wisconsin in 1886, Catholic parents protested the reading of the King James Bible in

Teaching Disabilities And Academic Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are characterized by their diversity more than by any other factor. You can divide the disabilities into two categories: developmental learning disabilities and academic learning disabilities. Developmental learning disabilities are disabilities in functions that are considered needed for learning like attention, perception, memory, thinking (cognitive), and oral language. Attention applies to selective attention, ability to select and focus on relevant things, and sustained attention, the ability to maintain attention over time. Students who have undeveloped attention skills will have a difficult time learning effectively. Memory affects short and/or long-term memory and could be attributed to problems in storing and retrieving information on demand. Thinking can affect a learner’s ability to solve problems and store information. Lastly, oral language includes the ability to listen effectively and express themselves orally. Academic learning disabilities are problems in topics taught in school like math, reading, spelling, and writing. Eligibility for special education is considered by discrepancies that are found in oral expression, listening comprehension, written expression, basic reading skills, reading comprehension, math calculations, and math reasoning. IDEA changed it to where school districts are no longer required to take into account a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement. Congress is encouraging school districts to useShow MoreRelatedA Puzzling Paradox1462 Words   |  6 PagesAbby Suggs April 26, 2015 This writer was given an assignment of researching three questions related to learning disability. The three questions are: 1. what is a learning disability? 2. How do individuals with learning disabilities process information? and 3. What challenges are related to how these individuals process information? This writer has learned a lot about learning disability and special education all throughout this course, during this research, and during observation time in theRead MoreComparative Outcomes Of Two Instructional Models For Students With Learning Disabilities1488 Words   |  6 Pagesfor Students with Learning Disabilities: Inclusion with Co-Teaching and Solo-Taught Special Education. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 251-258. Retrieved November 22, 2014. Summary In the following study researchers compared two instructional approaches; co-teaching inclusion and solo-taught special education for students with learning disabilities in regard to their overall academic achievement. Participants of the study included twelve inclusive/co-teaching classrooms, whichRead MoreThe Different Types Of Disabilities876 Words   |  4 Pages The different types of disabilities In today’s society, there are numerous of disabilities that people struggle with on a daily bases. These disabilities have to be address in academic environment, especially for children. In an academic environment educators have to be able to identify intellectual disabilities, autism, multiple disabilities, and design a curriculum that will help develop their learning skills.† As a matter of policy and mandate, meaningful literacy education must be providedRead MoreThe Selection Of Instructional Approaches For Students With Disabilities827 Words   |  4 Pages1. The selection of instructional approaches for students with disabilities will vary depending on the needs of individual students. Based on the articles you selected to read for this module, your own professional experience, and the information you’ve been collecting for your curriculum design project, develop your own personal comprehensive summary of what you believe to be best practice for curriculum and instruction in special education. 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Our Exceptional Children text states that children with learning disabilities, â€Å"†¦ often struggle with reasoning, attention, memory, se lecting and focusing on relevant stimuliRead MorePhilosophy of Education985 Words   |  4 Pages where students with different disabilities fit in that foundation, a rationale for how we teach, and a principle that keeps us striving to be the best educators we can be. The purpose of this essay is to point out what I believe the foundation, student location, rationale, and principle are for why I want to become a teacher. Special Education Philosophy I believe every child is entitled to an education no matter what race, socio-economic status, or disability. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) ensuresRead MoreThe Benefits Of Responsive Teaching And Co-Teaching In Education905 Words   |  4 Pagesimplementation of building -level programs that designed efforts to support students with disabilities in mainstream classrooms. These studies were instrumental in the usage of co-teaching and collaborative strategies as integrative parts of educational support services. They were delivery models for students both with and without special needs and acted as the foundation for responsive classrooms project both social and academic advantages (U.V.C.S.E., 2016). The two studies revealed a significant researchRead MoreStudents With Intellectual Disabilities ( Id )1107 Words   |  5 PagesIntellectual Disabilities (ID) in a classroom setting. I had interviewed Ms. Chisolm (Special Education Teacher) for the Jersey City Public Schools District, wh o works with students of multiple disabilities. Intelligence disabilities (ID) mean the mental capabilities of a child’s knowledge and skills. Intellectual disability can be developed during childbirth or before the age of eighteen. It is imperative for me to know, â€Å"What are the characteristics of students with intellectual disabilities? Ms. Chisolm

Substance Abuse Within the Nursing Profession Essay

As Heise states, substance abuse among nurses a growing problem that is often overlooked by society. Addiction has been a problem in the nursing profession for over one hundred years (as cited in Monroe Kenaga, 2010). According to the American nurses association, it is speculated that 6%-8% of nurses have a drug or alcohol related problem (as cited in Trinkoff Storr, 1998). Substance abuse not only affects the individual abuser, but also can negatively impact those around them, most significantly their patients. Chemical dependence if often viewed as a lack of will power, but through education and research, this issue should be looked at as an actual disease. The education of nursing students is the first step in helping those with a†¦show more content†¦Clearly both behavioral and psychological factors can contribute to susceptible substance abuse, which also extends into the field of nursing. Talbert states that some signs and symptoms of nurses who are abusing substance s either on or off the job (2009). The symptoms are general and nonspecific. Many times those closest to them have no idea. Overtime the nurse will begin to exhibit symptoms. According to the DEA, symptoms include: â€Å"increased absenteeism, frequent disappearances from the department or unit, excessive amounts of time spent in the medication rooms or near medication carts, work performance alternates between high and low productivity, and inattention or poor judgment (as cited in Talbert, 2009). Other signs may include damaged relationships among colleagues, friends, and patients; heavy ‘wastage’ of drugs; personality changes, such as mood swings, anxiety, depression, and isolation; and increased concerns voiced by patients† (Talbert, 2009). The biggest problem with nurses who abuse is patient safety. Many times the patient’s medication is being replaced with saline or they are not getting their whole dose of medication, while the nurse is taking the re st. Talbert continues to explain the importance of other nurses observing their colleagues to identify these signs and symptoms. â€Å"Nursing departments frequently encourage and reinforceShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse During The Medical Profession1401 Words   |  6 PagesIn many places around the world substance abuse has become a frequent issue. Many people may not be aware of substance abuse in nurses, from prescription drugs to alcohol and even cigarettes. Abuse from nurses poses a new challenge to the profession due to their jobs as caretakers and their access to controlled substances. It is a perplexing thought that people whose profession is to care for other don’t do the same for themselves. Nurses do in fact have stressful jobs, however, it is certainly unexpectedRead MoreSubstance Abuse During The Medical Profession1512 Words   |  7 PagesIn many places around the world, substance abuse has become a frequent issue. Many people may not be aware of substance a buse in nurses, from prescription drugs to alcohol and even cigarettes. Abuse from nurses poses a new challenge to the profession due to their jobs as caretakers and their access to controlled substances. It is a perplexing thought that people whose profession is to care for other don’t do the same for themselves. Nurses do in fact have stressful jobs, however, it is certainlyRead MorePeer Assistance Programs for Nurses 1482 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance abuse among health care professionals is an issue that is continually gaining more attention due to the harmful affects it can have individuals as well as the patients. 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ChemicalRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is An Ever Growing Problem1510 Words   |  7 PagesWhy has substance abuse in the field of nursing been on the rise for the past 100 years? Could it be because of the high levels of stress along with the incredible toll working in the field of nursing takes on the body? Several different reasoning’s have been brought forth throughout the years, but nothing changes the fact that this is an increasing problem that has to be dealt with within the profession. â€Å"Addiction among nurses has been recognized by professionals in the field for over 100 yearsRead MoreNurses with Addiction1024 Words   |  5 PagesNursing is one of the most stressful careers in healthcare. Long hours of direct patient care take its toll emotionally and physically. While the profession is rewarding for most, the constant stress can become a catalyst for all kinds of self damaging behaviors. 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Community Observation free essay sample

I acknowledge the people who helped me to finish my Field Study: I acknowledge my parents who supported and had given me all the love and care I need especially on my studies. I acknowledge also some of my friends, who helped me to make this portfolio, I also acknowledge our teacher in FS1, Mrs. Ma. Liberty B. Doncillo for all the guidance for this project. And most importantly, to Our Almighty Father who gives me strength and courage every day. Mindanao University of Science and Technology Oroquieta Campus Mobod, I like to teach in the school i had just observed because it is very comfortable for the learners to learn and it has the learning materials for their studies. OCCES is conducive to learning since it offers complete facilities for the development of its students. The kind of classroom that is conducive to learning is a classroom wherein their where things that could help learning to take its place. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Observation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the future I would love to have a classroom which is conducive to learning in a way that I should provide learning materials which enable the students to learn. And I can accomplish this by applying what I have learned; maintaining classroom cleanliness and make colorful visuals to catch the attention of my students. While I am observing the class, I am really amazed since the effectiveness of teacher will not depend on the teacher itself but also with environment it take place. Episode 2 Learner’s Characteristics and Needs Analysis Level | Salient Characteristic Observed| Implications To Teaching- Learning Process| Elementary | Elementary pupils are fond on playing games and they love to sing too. Therefore the teacher should used games and even action song so that could catch the attention of the pupils. He/she must use strategies such singing to awake the students. | Reflections When I observing the learners I had recall my own experience when I was at their age, the similarities that I have with the students is that being playful and being cooperative also. And at their age I am also dependent on my parents. The teacher that I can not forget for the positive reasons is my teacher in high school. She helped me with my needs especially in my physical and emotional problem. My favorite theory of development is the physical theory of development. This can guide me by exerting major effort on teaching them based on their physical and cognitive needs. Episode 3 Classroom Management and Learning Analysis The classroom organization and routines affects the student’s behavior in a way that this will serve as their guide in fulfilling their task every day. The teacher should have in mind that in designing classroom organization and routines that the students can understand what are these routines and this organization will help them to be better in their studies. The behavior strategies that were effective in managing the behavior of the learners were the analytical abilities, creative abilities and practical abilities. They were effective because it is based on their logical reasoning, and common sense. Reflections The grade level that I want to teach in the future is Grade V since they were more organized and they can easily understand rules. Students must be part in designing the routines since this will fit to their needs. And it would be easy for them to follow since they know it. The rules that I want to impose in my future class are as follows: * Speak English inside the class And never cheat The learners should be involved in making the class rules so that the students will be aware in those rules. And also they can express their own will. Episode 4 Individual Differences and Learner’s Interaction (focusing on differences in gender, racial, religious backgrounds) Analysis There are persons who play important role in the relatio nship and interactions in the classrooms. There is somebody who appears to be a leader, a joker, and attention seeker. The students that are coming from a minority group are accepted by the others. This is shown through communication and getting to know each other and they treat them well. The teacher influences the class interaction considering the individual differences of the students by showing to them that their treated fairly and they were teach well. The teacher also helps the learner to cope with other classmates and friends. The gender and age influence the grouping of learners outside the classroom. I had mostly seen peers with the same sex and of same age. They like to join in peers whom they comfortable to stay with. Reflections Being in the classroom I feel the oneness and unity among the learners. I feel that they were helping each other. In the future I want that my learners will be united in a way that they could feel free to ask questions and they would feel that they are part of me. Soon I will treat equally my students regardless of religious, ethnic or racial background. Their questions must be entertained also so that frustrations among learners may not appear Episode 5 Individual Differences and Learner’s Interaction (focusing on different levels of abilities) Analysis I was able to correctly identify the students who performed well in the class. These students were those who actively participate in classroom discussion. They can directly comprehend and they can follow instructions easily. There was an average gap between the learner’s abilities among the high achievers and the slow one. The teacher uses systematic methods in dealing with the students she gives remedial time for reading and comprehension. The students try to respond it positively to the best of their ability, Reflections When I was in my elementary years our teacher gives more time on teaching those students who were slow learners. She tries to do something better for them to understand our lessons.

Happiness Enough Already Essay Example

Happiness Enough Already Essay Teddy Murray Brent Jackson English 5 March, 2015 Happiness: Enough Already In respects to being a popular work, I personally find Sharon Burgles article, Happiness: Enough Already, to be rather good. Firstly, this article is easy and interesting to read. Secondly, it contains the points of views of different authors. And thirdly, its information is generic enough to be relative to almost everyones life. Barleys article is structured logically and is worded clearly to the audience. One does not feel bored while reading this piece. The author does a erroneous job capturing the readers attention throughout the article. However, being a popular article, the author does include very specific words that would be difficult for a reader to understand if he or she was not educated in the topic this article covers. But these words are well explained, which do make the article less scientific and more pleasurable to read. In my opinion, good article is based on the inclusion of multiple researchers and sources. This article does this by acquainting the reader to multiple authors and their works (De Dinner of Rethinking Happiness, Eric Willows Against Happiness, and many more). I also thought this article was well done because of the insightful message it conveys. The article explains that people must feel sad or melancholic sometimes in order to experience all aspects of human emotion, which benefits ones quality of life. Being sad teaches people how to survive, makes them stronger and generally hardier. Moreover, the author captures the readers attention by pointing out evidence that suggests people who feel some kind of discontent are more ambitious and tend to be more eager to change their life for the better by pursuing their goals. We will write a custom essay sample on Happiness Enough Already specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Happiness Enough Already specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Happiness Enough Already specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The author notes how most artists created their masterpieces in the period of melancholy. Sadness can be named the muse of art. Best poems are written because of unrequited love; the most significant ideas came to those who were on the edge. I believe that everyone will find the information in this article to be useful and relatable. American society is oriented in all the aspects of life. People are used to seeking happiness for themselves and for others, but sometimes people are placed in situations where unhappiness is necessary and natural. And this article does a great job expressing that fact. However, this article does have a downside-?the entire thing is extremely negative. I found the authors criticism of positive psychology and of the salesmen to be rather unfair. In my mind, positive psychology does a lot for understanding the well being of others, and think it deserves more respect than what the article gives. Furthermore, the whole spirit of the article is too dismal. The fault in this article is that there are no positive promises to the audience, which might lead some to choose overall sadness for his or her life. In fact, one might even find themselves rather sad themselves from just reading it.